宾语是句子的一个重要成分,它可以由名词、代词、名词短语或句子充当。当一个句子充当宾语时,这个句子就叫做宾语从句。这句话也可以表达成宾语从句就是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。
宾语从句是中考的热点之一,常出现在单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、句型转换等题目中。另外,书面表达中也有运用复杂句型表达丰富信息的要求,如能在书面表达中恰当地运用宾语从句,也会为作文增添亮点。宾语从句的考点主要集中在对引导词、从句语序和从句时态的考查上。
一.引导词
1. 以that引导的宾语从句;
that引导的通常是由陈述句充当的宾语从句,that没有实际意义,在口语中可以常可以省略。(注:在第四部分的注意事项里我们要谈到that不可以省略的情况。)如:
【2012 呼和浩特】-What did your teacher say this morning?
-Shetold us ______.
A.why was Tom late for school again
B.whether we had too much homework
C.how she did come to school this morning
D. that we would have a test soon
-你的老师今早说什么了?-她告诉我们不久要有一次测试。(答案:D)
2. 以if,whether引导的宾语从句;
将一般疑问句变为宾语从句时,语序要由原来的疑问语序改为陈述语序,并且要用if或whether引导,这两个词的意思都是“是否”,一般情况下可以互换,句尾的标点符号取决于主句。如:
【2013梅州】Could you tell me ______ a meeting inGuangzhou next week?
A. if there was going to be B.if there is going to be
C. whether is there going to be D. whether there is going to have
你能告诉我是否下周在广州会有一个会议吗?(答案:B)
【2012 山东潍坊】We’ve given her some advice, but I don’t know_______ she’ll accept it.
A. what B.where C. whether D. which
我们给了她一些建议,但我不知道她是否会接受它。(答案:C)
3. 以特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。
当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,引导词就用原来的特殊疑问词,但一定要注意用陈述句语序;特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,用问号还是用句号完全取决于主句的句式。
常见的引导词有连接代词what,who, whom, whose, which,连接代词在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等,不能省略; 连接副词when, where, how, why, how many, howmuch, how old, how long等,连接副词在宾语从句中作状语,也不可省略。如:
【2013南昌】Do you know _____I saw yesterday? It was my favoritestar, Jackie!
A. whom B. when C. where D. how
你知道我昨天看到谁了吗?是我最爱的明星,杰基!(答案:A)
【2012 浙江湖州)—Can you tell me _____ to travel to Dalian?
—About two hours by plane.
A. how much it costs
B. what I should take
C. how long it takes
D. which is the best season
-你能告诉我去大连旅行会花多少时间吗?-大约乘飞机两小时。(答案:C)
二.语序
引导词总是放在宾语从句句首,宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。即从句中的语序要用主语在前、谓语在后的顺序。特别要注意的是由一般疑问句或特殊疑问句变化而来的宾语从句变成陈述语序时,如有添加出来的助动词要去掉,而原句中的实义动词要做准确的变化,如句中有系动词、助动词或情态词要还原到谓语的位置。如:
(2011-江苏南京)Most children are interested in amazingthings, and they wonder ______.
A. when can they see UFOs
B. how can elephants walk on tiptoe
C. why do fish sleep with their eyes open
D. why there is no plant life withoutlighting
大多数的孩子对奇特的事物感兴趣,他们想知道为什么没有闪电就没有植物生命。(答案:D)
【2012年福建省福州市】-Show methe map, please. I wonder________.
- Look, it's here, in the east of China, nearTaiwan Province.
A. where is Diaoyu Island
B. where Diaoyu Island is
C. what is Diaoyu Island like
-请给我看下地图,我想知道钓鱼岛在哪里。-看,就在这里,在中国的东部,台湾省的附近。(答案:B)
三.时态
宾语从句的时态常受到主句时态的影响,因此要注意主从句两部分时态要保持一致。关于主从句时态的问题,有三个方面要注意:
1.当主句中的谓语动词是表示现在或将来的某种时态,包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般将来时,宾语从句中的时态要根据实际情况而定,不受主句时态的限制和影响,即可理解为从句可以是任何适当的时态。如:
【2013北京】I don't remember____________ the book yesterday.
A. where I put B.where did I put
C. where will I put D.where l will put
我不记得昨天我把书放在哪里了。(答案:A)
2.当主句中的谓语动词是过去的某种时态时,包括一般过去时、过去进行时,宾语从句一般要用与过去相关的某种适当时态,即可理解为从句中可以是任何需要的过去时态,包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时。如:
【2013贵阳】Alice interviewed some people and asked them about ____on Father' s Day .
A. what theydo B. what they did C. what they will do .
爱丽斯采访了一些人,问了他们有关于在父亲节做了什么的问题。(答案:B)
3.如果宾语从句所表达的内容是客观真理或客观事实时,从句中动词的时态不受主句的谓语动词时态的限制,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。如:
【2011山东枣庄】He said that light ______much faster thansound.
A. has travelled B. went C.travels D. travelled
他说“光比声传播的速度快”。(答案:C)
【2011湖南永州】Could you please tell me _?
A. why does the earth go around the sun
B. why the earth goes around the sun
C. why the earth went around the sun
你能告诉我为什么地球绕太阳转么?(答案:B)
四.注意事项
1. 不能省略that的情况:
(1) 当宾语从句的主语或主语的定语是that或this时。如:
Hetells me that that is a good car. 他告诉我说那是一辆好车。
(2) 当宾语从句中有主从复合句,而且从句位于主句之前时。如:
He said that if he came back early, he couldcome for the meeting.
他说,如果早回来的话,他会来参加会议的。
(3) 当主句的谓语和宾语从句间有插入语或主句的状语时。如:
Justthen I noticed, for the first time, that she was wearing the dress I bought forher. 就在那时我才注意到她第一次穿上了我买给她的连衣裙。
(4) 当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时,第一个从句中的that可以省略,其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如:Tomsaid (that) the book was very interesting and that he liked reading it verymuch. 汤姆说这本书非常有趣,并且他非常喜欢读它。
(5) 宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,也就是宾语从句紧接在间接宾语后时。如:
Theteacher advised us that we should read English stories often.老师建议我们要常读英语故事。
(6) 当it作形式宾语时。如:
Weall believed it true that she was from Beijing. 她来自北京的消息我们都信以为真。
(7) 宾语从句前有介词except, but, in等时。如:
Herarticle is very good except that there are only a few unfit sentences.
她的文章非常,除了几个不太合适的句子。
(8) 当that作learn,suggest, explain, agree, prove, feel等动词的宾语时。如:
Ihave learned that most of the students who are interested in Chinese takeinterest in English.
我了解到大多数喜欢中文的学生对英语也感兴趣。
(9) 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或者从句时。如:
Ibelieve that what he said was true.
我想信他所说的话是真的。
2. 只能用whether作引导词的情况:
(1) 在介词后面时。如:
Iam thinking of whether I should go shopping.
我在想我是否该去购物。
(2) 在动词不定式之前时。如:
Hedoesn’t know whether to stay at home or go to the park.
他不知道是呆在家里还是去公园。
(3) 直接与or not连用时。如:
【2013漳州】5. They wonder ________robots willmake humans lose their jobs or not.
A. that B.if C.whether
他们想知道机器人是否会让人类失去他们的工作。(答案:C)
(4) 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中。如:
Wediscussed whether we would have a class meeting on Friday.
我们讨论了在周五是否会有班会。
(5) 宾语从句提前时。如:
Whetherit is true or not, I don’t know. 这是不是真的,我不知道。
(6)若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为:
a.Please let me know whether you like the book.
请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
b.If you like the book,please let me know.
你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。
只能用if作引导词的情况:
引导否定概念的宾语从句时一般用if。如:
My mother asked me if I hadn’t read my English book.
我妈妈问我是否没有读我的英语书。
3. 否定转移:
(1)在主从复合句中,当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等表示“认为”,“猜想”之类意思的动词时,把从句的否定词前移到主句中,即否定主句中的上述动词,与此同时,从句中的谓语动词用肯定形式。如:
【2012.山东菏泽】-Have you ever seen the movie 2012?
-Yes, but I don’t believe______ the year 2012will see the end of the world.
A. that B. what C. how D. if
-你曾经看过电影《2012》吗?-是的,但是我相信2012年不会看到世界的末日。(答案:A)
(2)发生否定转移的句子的反意疑问句一般要与宾语从句保持一致,并且要用肯定形式。如:
【2009广西柳州】I don’t think she has gone to Beijing, _______?
A. has she B. hasn’t she C. do I D. don’t I
我认为她没有去北京,是么? (答案:A)
除了以上的变化外,即主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时,反意疑问句应针对主句而变化。如:
Youdon't think he can finish the work on time, do you? 你认为他不能按时完成工作,是吗?
4. 宾语从句的简化:
(1) 当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是hope, wish, decide, agree, choose,promise等时,从句可以简化成为不定式结构。如:
Wedecided that we would help him. ---We decided to help him.
我们决定帮他。
(2) 当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,而且主句的谓语动词是know, remember, forget, learn,tell等时,从句可以简化成为“疑问词+不定式”的结构。当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:如:
【2012黑龙江黑河市】The math problem is so hard. I really don’tknow_____.
A. how to do it B. how to do C. what to do it
这道数学题是那么的难,我真不知道如何做它。(答案:A)
【2012湖南永州】27. Please tell me ______ next.
A. how to do it B. what to do it C. how do it
请告诉我接下来怎么做它。(答案:A)
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?---Could you tell me how to get to the station?
你能告诉我如何去车站么?
(3) seem后的宾语从句可以简化为有不定式的句子,要将宾语从句的主语作为简化后句子的主语,seem作谓语。如:
Itseems that English is very interesting. ---English seems to be veryinteresting.
英语似乎很有趣。
(4) 宾语从句可以简化为名词或名词短语。如:
Idon’t believe what Michael said. ---I don’t believe Michael’s words.
我不相信迈克尔的话。
(5)某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。
如:
Li Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. --- Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
李平发现有一个钱包在地上。
(6) 当主句的谓语词是order,require等时,如果主句的主语和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可以简化为“名词/代词(宾格)+不定式”结构。如:
The teacher ordered that we should startat once.--- The teacher ordered us to start at once.
老师命令我们立即开始。
5. if在宾语从句和条件状语从句中的区别:
(1) if在宾语从句中意思是“是否”,用于引导由一般疑问句变化而来的宾语从句。如:
Idon't know if he will come to Beijing.
我不知道他是否会来北京。
(2) if在条件状语从句中意思是“如果”,如:
If he comes to Beijing, I will call you.